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1. Transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT)
Tumor resection via the urethra is the main treatment for non–muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Bladder preservation requires scheduled surveillance.
2. Partial cystectomy
Resection of the tumor with a portion of the bladder wall preserves bladder function and is suitable for carefully selected patients with muscle-invasive disease.
3. Radical cystectomy
Removal of the entire bladder with lymph node dissection is the standard procedure for muscle-invasive disease and requires urinary diversion.
4. Minimally invasive surgery
Laparoscopic or robot-assisted approaches reduce surgical trauma and accelerate recovery and can be used for partial cystectomy or radical cystectomy in selected patients.
5. Intravesical therapy
Postoperative intravesical chemotherapy or immunotherapy reduces recurrence risk; commonly used agents include bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) and epirubicin.
6. Systemic chemotherapy
Used for advanced or metastatic disease. Regimens such as MVAC and GC are commonly used and can be combined with surgery to improve outcomes.
7. Radiotherapy
Precision radiotherapy may be used with curative intent or for palliation, enabling dose escalation to the tumor while sparing normal tissues.
8. Immunotherapy
Immune checkpoint inhibitors activate antitumor immunity and provide additional options for patients with advanced disease.
9. Targeted therapy
Targeted agents for specific genomic alterations are largely in clinical trial stages.
10. Photodynamic therapy
A photosensitizer combined with laser activation destroys tumor tissue and may be used for superficial disease to preserve bladder function.
11. Comprehensive multimodal therapy
An individualized plan integrating multiple modalities aims to maximize efficacy and improve quality of life.
Jinshazhou Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine emphasizes that bladder cancer management should balance tumor control with functional preservation. Early diagnosis and treatment can improve cure rates and preserve bladder function. MDT-based collaboration and individualized strategies are pivotal, and emerging therapies continue to improve outcomes. Patients are encouraged to maintain confidence, actively participate in treatment, and adhere to regular follow-up.
1. Transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT)
Tumor resection via the urethra is the main treatment for non–muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Bladder preservation requires scheduled surveillance.
2. Partial cystectomy
Resection of the tumor with a portion of the bladder wall preserves bladder function and is suitable for carefully selected patients with muscle-invasive disease.
3. Radical cystectomy
Removal of the entire bladder with lymph node dissection is the standard procedure for muscle-invasive disease and requires urinary diversion.
4. Minimally invasive surgery
Laparoscopic or robot-assisted approaches reduce surgical trauma and accelerate recovery and can be used for partial cystectomy or radical cystectomy in selected patients.
5. Intravesical therapy
Postoperative intravesical chemotherapy or immunotherapy reduces recurrence risk; commonly used agents include bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) and epirubicin.
6. Systemic chemotherapy
Used for advanced or metastatic disease. Regimens such as MVAC and GC are commonly used and can be combined with surgery to improve outcomes.
7. Radiotherapy
Precision radiotherapy may be used with curative intent or for palliation, enabling dose escalation to the tumor while sparing normal tissues.
8. Immunotherapy
Immune checkpoint inhibitors activate antitumor immunity and provide additional options for patients with advanced disease.
9. Targeted therapy
Targeted agents for specific genomic alterations are largely in clinical trial stages.
10. Photodynamic therapy
A photosensitizer combined with laser activation destroys tumor tissue and may be used for superficial disease to preserve bladder function.
11. Comprehensive multimodal therapy
An individualized plan integrating multiple modalities aims to maximize efficacy and improve quality of life.
Jinshazhou Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine emphasizes that bladder cancer management should balance tumor control with functional preservation. Early diagnosis and treatment can improve cure rates and preserve bladder function. MDT-based collaboration and individualized strategies are pivotal, and emerging therapies continue to improve outcomes. Patients are encouraged to maintain confidence, actively participate in treatment, and adhere to regular follow-up.