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1. Local excision
For early superficial tumors, local excision removes the lesion while preserving vaginal function, with minimal trauma and rapid recovery, and is an ideal option when appropriate.
2. Partial vaginectomy
Resection of the tumor with surrounding tissue preserves some function; vaginal reconstruction may be required postoperatively.
3. Total vaginectomy
Complete removal of the vagina requires reconstructive surgery and may have substantial physical and psychological impact.
4. Pelvic exenteration
Removal of pelvic organs such as the bladder and rectum. Although highly morbid, it may offer a chance of cure in selected cases.
5. Laparoscopic minimally invasive surgery
Minimally invasive approaches reduce trauma and accelerate recovery, but require experienced surgeons to ensure complete oncologic resection.
6. Radiotherapy
External beam radiotherapy combined with brachytherapy; precision techniques enable dose escalation while protecting normal tissues.
7. Chemotherapy
Concurrent chemoradiotherapy using agents such as cisplatin is used for advanced disease or as postoperative adjuvant therapy to improve efficacy.
8. Targeted therapy
Agents directed at molecular targets may provide options for recurrent or advanced disease when conventional therapies are ineffective.
9. Immunotherapy
Immune checkpoint inhibitors activate antitumor immunity and are being evaluated in clinical trials, particularly for HPV-associated vaginal cancer.
10. Laser therapy
May be used for very early superficial tumors, with minimal trauma, but requires strict indication selection.
11. Comprehensive multimodal therapy
An individualized plan integrating surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and other modalities aims to maximize treatment efficacy.
Jinshazhou Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine emphasizes that vaginal cancer threatens women’s health and that treatment should balance tumor control with functional preservation. Early standardized diagnosis and treatment can markedly improve cure rates. MDT-based individualized planning is essential, and emerging therapies continue to improve outcomes. Patients are encouraged to maintain confidence, actively participate in treatment, and adhere to regular follow-up.
1. Local excision
For early superficial tumors, local excision removes the lesion while preserving vaginal function, with minimal trauma and rapid recovery, and is an ideal option when appropriate.
2. Partial vaginectomy
Resection of the tumor with surrounding tissue preserves some function; vaginal reconstruction may be required postoperatively.
3. Total vaginectomy
Complete removal of the vagina requires reconstructive surgery and may have substantial physical and psychological impact.
4. Pelvic exenteration
Removal of pelvic organs such as the bladder and rectum. Although highly morbid, it may offer a chance of cure in selected cases.
5. Laparoscopic minimally invasive surgery
Minimally invasive approaches reduce trauma and accelerate recovery, but require experienced surgeons to ensure complete oncologic resection.
6. Radiotherapy
External beam radiotherapy combined with brachytherapy; precision techniques enable dose escalation while protecting normal tissues.
7. Chemotherapy
Concurrent chemoradiotherapy using agents such as cisplatin is used for advanced disease or as postoperative adjuvant therapy to improve efficacy.
8. Targeted therapy
Agents directed at molecular targets may provide options for recurrent or advanced disease when conventional therapies are ineffective.
9. Immunotherapy
Immune checkpoint inhibitors activate antitumor immunity and are being evaluated in clinical trials, particularly for HPV-associated vaginal cancer.
10. Laser therapy
May be used for very early superficial tumors, with minimal trauma, but requires strict indication selection.
11. Comprehensive multimodal therapy
An individualized plan integrating surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and other modalities aims to maximize treatment efficacy.
Jinshazhou Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine emphasizes that vaginal cancer threatens women’s health and that treatment should balance tumor control with functional preservation. Early standardized diagnosis and treatment can markedly improve cure rates. MDT-based individualized planning is essential, and emerging therapies continue to improve outcomes. Patients are encouraged to maintain confidence, actively participate in treatment, and adhere to regular follow-up.