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1. Clinical presentation assessment
Urinary frequency, urgency, and voiding difficulty may occur. Digital rectal examination can detect prostatic induration or nodules; late-stage disease may present with bone pain and weight loss.
2. PSA testing
Prostate-specific antigen is a screening marker. PSA density, velocity, and ratios improve accuracy, and benign conditions must be differentiated.
3. Imaging examinations
Multiparametric MRI identifies suspicious lesions; ultrasound guides biopsy. CT, bone scintigraphy, and PET-CT are used for staging.
4. Pathological biopsy
Transrectal or transperineal needle biopsy is the gold standard, providing Gleason grading and the proportion of cancer tissue.
5. Tumor markers
Novel markers such as PCA3 and PHI support diagnosis, and the 4Kscore estimates the risk of high-grade disease.
6. Molecular diagnostics
Genomic testing can identify BRCA1/2 alterations; circulating tumor cells and circulating tumor DNA may be used for treatment response and prognostic monitoring.
7. Bone metastasis assessment
Bone scintigraphy is recommended for high-risk patients or PSA >20; MRI and CT can assess metastases at specific sites.
8. Staging
Clinical staging is based on the TNM system, evaluating primary tumor extent, lymph node involvement, and distant metastasis.
Jinshazhou Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine emphasizes that prostate cancer is a common malignancy in men with complex diagnostic pathways and challenging management. Early symptoms are often insidious, and many patients are diagnosed at intermediate-to-advanced stages. High-risk populations should undergo regular screening and seek prompt medical evaluation for urinary symptoms or bone pain. Early detection and standardized treatment are key to improving outcomes, and MDT-based collaboration can substantially enhance diagnostic and therapeutic effectiveness.
1. Clinical presentation assessment
Urinary frequency, urgency, and voiding difficulty may occur. Digital rectal examination can detect prostatic induration or nodules; late-stage disease may present with bone pain and weight loss.
2. PSA testing
Prostate-specific antigen is a screening marker. PSA density, velocity, and ratios improve accuracy, and benign conditions must be differentiated.
3. Imaging examinations
Multiparametric MRI identifies suspicious lesions; ultrasound guides biopsy. CT, bone scintigraphy, and PET-CT are used for staging.
4. Pathological biopsy
Transrectal or transperineal needle biopsy is the gold standard, providing Gleason grading and the proportion of cancer tissue.
5. Tumor markers
Novel markers such as PCA3 and PHI support diagnosis, and the 4Kscore estimates the risk of high-grade disease.
6. Molecular diagnostics
Genomic testing can identify BRCA1/2 alterations; circulating tumor cells and circulating tumor DNA may be used for treatment response and prognostic monitoring.
7. Bone metastasis assessment
Bone scintigraphy is recommended for high-risk patients or PSA >20; MRI and CT can assess metastases at specific sites.
8. Staging
Clinical staging is based on the TNM system, evaluating primary tumor extent, lymph node involvement, and distant metastasis.
Jinshazhou Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine emphasizes that prostate cancer is a common malignancy in men with complex diagnostic pathways and challenging management. Early symptoms are often insidious, and many patients are diagnosed at intermediate-to-advanced stages. High-risk populations should undergo regular screening and seek prompt medical evaluation for urinary symptoms or bone pain. Early detection and standardized treatment are key to improving outcomes, and MDT-based collaboration can substantially enhance diagnostic and therapeutic effectiveness.